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Tag Archives: Australian News

October 25, 2025

Short summary — headline takeaways:

• Faster in 2025: many visitor visas and simple student visa applications (when complete) are being processed significantly faster.

• Slower / at risk of delays: partner and some permanent family visas, and parts of the employer-sponsored / skilled visa pipeline (notably the revamped skilled streams including subclass 482) have seen longer waits.

• Most important rule: always check the Department of Home Affairs visa processing times tool for live data — it’s the single most authoritative source for estimates.

Where to find official, live processing times

The Department of Home Affairs publishes rolling processing-time data and a visa processing times guide. This is updated regularly and shows the proportion of applications finalised within certain time bands (e.g., 75% and 90%). Always use this tool before making plans.

Fast processing: which visas are quickest in 2025

1. Visitor & short-term visas (Visitor, ETA, Working Holiday)
Visitor and short tourist/business visas are generally among the fastest processing categories. For many nationalities and straightforward applications (no complex health/character issues), decisions can be issued within days to a few weeks.Home Affairs continues to prioritise short-stay visitor streams to support tourism and business travel.

2. Student visas (subclass 500) — faster when complete
In 2025 many providers and migration advisers report improved student visa timelines compared with COVID-era backlogs — commonly around 30 days for most complete applications(75%–90% bands vary by nationality and completeness). That said, incomplete applications, missing OSHC, or complex history can still add weeks. Use the Home Affairs processing times page for the latest banded estimates.

3. Some temporary skilled streams (core cases)
Certain employer-sponsored nominations that are complete and meet salary/market-rate evidence can be processed relatively quickly — especially core stream temporary skilled nominations where documentation is straightforward. However, see the “slower” section for important caveats.

Slower processing: problem areas and bottlenecks in 2025

1. Partner & family permanent visas
Partner visas and some family permanent visas commonly have long processing times due to identity, character and complex relationship checks, and a backlog of lodged applications. Specialist commentary and migration agents caution that partner streams continue to be among the slowest for PR outcomes in 2025. If you rely on partner or family pathways, expect long waits and plan accordingly.

2. Revamped skilled visa streams — delays in practice (notably Subclass 482/skills in demand)
The government’s late-2024/2025 rollout of revamped skilled/“skills in demand” arrangements (replacing older temporary skilled categories) aimed to attract specialists — however, processing delays have been widely reported, especially in the core stream where demand has surged. Media and industry bodies reported that median processing targets (days) have been missed, with some employers experiencing months-long delays for critical hires. This is one of the more consequential slow zones because it affects business hiring.

3. Permanent skilled visas (EOI based) — competition & queueing
Permanent skilled visas (e.g., subclasses 189, 190, and 491 pathway to 191) depend on invitation rounds, state nominations and points competition . Processing times can be prolonged by: high demand, limited nomination slots, requests for further evidence and occupational checking. Expect variable waits — some decisions in months, others longer if occupation lists and state caps shift.

4. Protection & humanitarian caseloads — complex, variable
Protection and refugee pathways are inherently complex and often involve interviews, security and international law considerations. Delays are common and can be long depending on tribunal processes and appeals. Budget allocations have increased for humanitarian services, but complexity remains.

Why processing times vary — the main drivers

1. Application completeness: The single biggest cause of avoidable delay is missing or inconsistent documentation (police checks, health checks, English test evidence, COE/offer letters, employer sponsorship paperwork). Complete, well-organised applications move faster.

2. High demand & program caps: Some streams are filling fast (students, skilled nominations) which pushes up wait times and queueing for invitations. National planning levels and state nomination allocations influence timing.

3. Policy changes & implementation: New complex policy rollouts (for example skilled visa redesigns) increase verification requirements and operational workload, lengthening processing while systems adapt. Industry reporting in 2025 highlights this for the revamped skills streams.

4. Security/health/character checks: These checks can add weeks, particularly where international police or medical clearances are slow. Applicants from some countries may face longer external checks.

5. Employer & sponsor compliance checks: For sponsored visas, government may audit employers’ compliance (training benchmarks, wages), which can add time.

6. Appeals & tribunal processes: If a refusal is appealed, the tribunal backlog lengthens overall time before final outcome.

Realistic 2025 timeframe examples

Visitor visas / ETA / eVisitor: Days → 2 weeks (often fastest).

Student visa (subclass 500):\~30 days (75% cases); up to 48 days (90% cases) reported by industry observers when complete. Incomplete apps take longer.

Temporary Graduate (subclass 485): improving in 2025; many applicants report faster decisions but timelines still vary by stream and evidence.

Subclass 482 / Skills in Demand (core & specialist): weeks to months — many businesses report processing times longer than official targets due to surges and compliance checks.

Skilled PR (189/190/491 → 191): months depending on state nomination and occupation list status; invitation round timing crucial.

Partner visas & family permanent visas: typically many months to years depending on caseload and checks; these remain among the slowest.

Protection / humanitarian outcomes: can be very long due to complexity and tribunal processes.

Country / state differences & policy context

Processing times are national (Home Affairs handles decisions centrally) but state nomination timelines and policies differ. State nomination quotas, priorities and processing delays can affect subclass 190/491 applicants. Some states may reach nomination caps and close streams — this delays invitations more than Home Affairs’ final processing time. Keep an eye on the target state’s migration pages.

In 2025, political debates and budget signalling have led states to lobby for more nomination places in key sectors (health, construction, aged care). If states increase allocations or create regional priority lists, that can change timelines for applicants targeted by those states.

How to reduce delays — practical checklist (actionable steps)

1. Complete the application package: include certified ID, police checks, medicals, proof of funds, COE (student), employment contracts (sponsored visas), and correct forms. Homogenise names across documents to avoid identity checks.

2. Use the Home Affairs processing times tool before planning: the live bands (75%/90%) show realistic expectations for your subclass.

3. Lodge early — especially before policy cut-offs: where threshold increases or policy changes are due (e.g., salary thresholds), lodging before the effective date can be crucial. Industry commentary in 2025 emphasised early lodgement to avoid new thresholds.

4. Respond quickly to requests for informational: delayed responses to “requests for further information” add days/weeks. Monitor ImmiAccount and email.

5. Engage a registered migration agent for complex cases: this can reduce error-related delays, especially for PR and partner visas.

6. Ask employers to prepare sponsorship evidence early: employers should prepare labour market evidence, sponsorship documents and salary proof to avoid employer-check delays for sponsored streams.

7. Plan backups if dependent on employment start dates: hiring timelines can slip if visa processing extends — employers and employees should plan contingency dates.

Digital reforms & the Home Affairs agenda (what’s changing that affects timings)

The 2025 Budget and Home Affairs investments allocated hundreds of millions toward visa processing upgrades and digital transformation. These investments aim to reduce manual processing , speed up identity and background checks, and provide better customer updates — but system transformations can temporarily increase processing time during migration to new platforms. Expect gradual improvements, but also short-term volatility while new systems settle.

Pandemics-era backlogs and future outlook

Post-COVID backlogs for certain streams have been a legacy issue. In 2025 the government prioritised clearing student visa backlogs and supporting labour market needs — but surge demand in some skilled streams is creating fresh pressure. Industry bodies are calling for increased processing capacity and clear service targets to stabilise timelines. Expect an uneven recovery across streams in 2025–26.

FAQs — quick answers

Q: How long will my student visa take in 2025?
A: For complete applications, many applicants see decisions in about 30 days (75% band) and under 48 days for 90% — but check the Home Affairs tool for your nationality and circumstances.

Q: Are partner visas faster or slower in 2025?
A:
Partner and family permanent visas remain among the slowest due to extensive checks and backlog; expect months to years in some cases.

Q: Is employer sponsorship (482) fast now?
A
: Not uniformly — the revamped skills streams have seen significant delays in 2025 for many applicants. Specialist streams sometimes move faster, but core streams are experiencing bottlenecks. Employers should prepare for potential months-long waits.

Q: Will the 2025 Budget speed up visas?
A
: The Budget invests in digital systems and processing capacity, which should improve speed long-term — but implementation can temporarily create variability. Use the official processing pages for live timing.

Final checklist before you lodge

  • Double-check documents, names and translations.
  • Pay attention to visa-specific evidence (COE, OSHC, job offer, sponsor docs).
  • Lodge before any known policy effective dates if thresholds are rising.
  • Keep copies of all uploads and receipts.
  • Use registered migration advice for complex/PR cases.
October 23, 2025

If you’re planning to migrate to Australia in 2025–26, simply meeting national visa requirements is no longer enough. Each Australian state and territory has unique migration prioritiesoccupation targets, and nomination strategies — meaning where you choose to live, study, and work could determine your Permanent Residency (PR) success. 

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the 2025–26 State Nomination Requirements, explain each region’s focus areas, and show how Pathway to Aus can help you choose the right course, meet visa criteria, and move confidently towards PR. 

Australia’s National Migration Plan 2025–2026: The Federal Overview 

The Australian Federal Government has maintained the permanent migration cap at 185,000 places for 2025–26. 
Each state and territory receives a portion of this cap to nominate candidates under: 

  • Subclass 190 (Skilled Nominated Visa) – Permanent visa 
  • Subclass 491 (Skilled Work Regional Visa) – Provisional regional visa 

However, the states decide who gets nominated based on their own workforce needs and development goals. 

Visa Type Description Additional Points 
Subclass 190 Skilled Nominated (Permanent) +5 points 
Subclass 491 Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) +15 points 

National Eligibility Requirements

Before you can be nominated by a state, you must meet Australia’s national skilled migration criteria: 

  • Age: Under 45 at the time of invitation 
  • English Proficiency: At least Competent English (IELTS 6.0 each band or equivalent) 
  • Skills Assessment: Positive and valid for your nominated occupation 
  • Points: At least 60 before adding state/territory nomination points 

Once you meet these, the real game begins — understanding what each state really wants

State-by-State Breakdown: Skilled Migration 2025–2026 
Below is an overview of how each Australian state and territory is managing its 2025–26 migration program, which industries they’re prioritising, and how you can align your pathway for nomination. 

1. Victoria (VIC) – Priority Sectors Take the Lead 

Victoria (home to Melbourne) is accepting nominations under an interim allocation, but it is very selective. While all occupations may technically be eligible, Victoria prioritises those working in its core priority sectors: 

  • Digital Technology 
  • Health & Medical Research 
  • Education 
  • Advanced Manufacturing 
  • Renewable Energy

Onshore Focus: 
Applicants must usually be living and working in Victoria in a skilled occupation. Interstate applicants are rarely considered (except for border community cases). 

Offshore Option: 
Offshore applicants may apply but must demonstrate exceptional expertise or global demand within a Victorian priority sector. 

Visa Focus Hack 
190 / 491 Skilled onshore workers & graduates in VIC Align your occupation with Victoria’s core priority sectors 

2. New South Wales (NSW) – High Points, High Demand

NSW (home to Sydney) remains one of the most competitive states due to its strong economy and limited allocation — only 200 places for 190 and 180 for 491 so far under the interim quota. 

Top Sectors NSW is Targeting in 2025–26: 

  • Construction & Housing 
  • Renewable Energy 
  • Digital & Cybersecurity 
  • Healthcare & Aged Care 
  • Advanced Manufacturing 
  • Agri-food 

Tips for NSW Nomination: 

  • Focus on high-demand occupations from the NSW Skills List 
  • Maintain a decision-ready SkillSelect EOI with all documentation verified 
  • Must have lived in NSW or offshore for at least the past six months 
Visa Focus Hack 
190 / 491 High-scoring EOIs in key sectors Update your EOI regularly — NSW checks evidence closely 

3. Queensland (QLD) – Balanced Pathways for Work, Study & Business

Queensland’s 2025–26 migration program is designed to support regional growth and attract skilled professionals. It offers clear streams for: 

  • Graduates from Queensland universities 
  • Skilled workers (onshore) 
  • Construction industry professionals 
  • Offshore skilled migrants 
  • Small business owners in regional QLD 

Why QLD is Popular: 
It’s one of the few states that welcomes offshore applicants and offers a Regional Small Business Owner 491 pathway (ideal for entrepreneurs ready to settle regionally). 

Visa Focus Hack 
190 / 491 Graduate, Skilled, and Regional Business Owner streams Choose your correct stream and meet its exact requirements before ROI 

4. Western Australia (WA) – Employment Is the Key

WA’s program is temporarily paused while awaiting full allocation but will resume with its two traditional streams — General and Graduate

The state continues to prioritize applicants who: 

  • Hold a full-time job contract (6+ months) in WA 
  • Have 1+ year skilled work experience (Australian or overseas) 
  • Are in building, construction, and mining-related occupations 
Visa Focus Hack 
190 / 491 Onshore applicants with long-term work contracts Focus on securing a genuine job first — that’s your ticket to nomination 

5. South Australia (SA) – Quiet but Consistent 

South Australia is currently using its small interim allocation to process strong, existing applications. Offshore applications are limited, but onshore workers and SA graduates still stand a good chance. 

Key Priority Areas: 

  • Healthcare & Aged Care 
  • Education 
  • Agribusiness 
  • Construction 
  • Regional Workforce 
Visa Focus Hack 
190 / 491 SA-based graduates and skilled workers Maintain updated English and skills assessment to be decision-ready 

6. Australian Capital Territory (ACT) – The Canberra Matrix Still Reigns 

ACT uses the Canberra Matrix, ranking applicants by job, education, language ability, and community ties. 
PhD graduates can even receive fast-track nominations (within a week!). 

Top Occupations in ACT: 

  • ICT & Digital Technology 
  • Healthcare & Allied Health 
  • Education 
Visa Focus Hack 
190 / 491 ACT Critical Skills List occupations Don’t wait for a perfect Matrix score — submit early! 

7. Tasmania (TAS) – Study & Stay Strategy

Tasmania continues to promote its Migration Tasmania Application Gateway, supporting skilled migrants who live, work, or study locally. 

Top Pathways: 

  • Tasmanian Graduates 
  • Skilled Employment (6–9 months) 
  • Established Residents 
  • Long-term regional workers 

If you study a two-year course in Tasmania, you’re already on one of the strongest PR pathways available. 

Visa Focus Hack 
190 / 491 Onshore graduates and local workers Studying or working in Tasmania remains the golden ticket to nomination 

8. Northern Territory (NT) – Strict and Selective

The NT is currently only nominating onshore applicants facing critical visa deadlines or age-related limitations (turning 45 soon). 
Offshore applications remain closed. 

Visa Focus Hack 
491 NT residents nearing visa expiry or age limit Apply quickly if your eligibility window is closing 

Why Work With Us 

Migration rules can look straightforward — until you start connecting them. 
We provide an end-to-end migration roadmap: 

  • Education Pathway: Select courses that align with PR opportunities 
  • Visa & EOI Support: Ensure your EOI and documentation are flawless 
  • Migration Planning: From student visa to PR and even citizenship 

It’s a one-stop service combining education, migration, and visa expertise — helping you make informed decisions with confidence. 

Final Thoughts

The 2025–26 Skilled Migration Program rewards applicants who are strategic, prepared, and proactive
Focus on: 
– Studying or working in demand sectors (Construction, Care, Cyber, Health) 
– Securing regional or state employment early 
– Maintaining valid English and skills documents 

Each state is looking for skilled, long-term residents ready to contribute to local growth — and if that’s your goal, your journey to Australian PR begins now. 

For expert advice tailored to your profile, book a free consultation with our team 

October 17, 2025

Why Australia is still a great destination for engineers in 2025

Australia continues to invest heavily in infrastructure, renewable energy, mining, transport and digital transformation—areas that rely on engineers across disciplines. Employers in both major cities and regional Australia still report strong demand for qualified engineers, and many state nomination programs explicitly target engineering occupations. For skilled migration and employment, engineers must combine a recognized qualification, a positive migration skills assessment (if required) and a visa pathway that fits their circumstances.

Top engineering fields with the strongest demand (2025)

  • Civil / Structural Engineering — major infrastructure programs, transport upgrades and housing projects.
  • Mining & Resources Engineering — Western Australia and Queensland persist as high-paying mining hubs.
  • Electrical & Power Systems Engineering — grid upgrades, renewables, battery storage and electrification projects.
  • Software / Systems / Embedded Engineering — tech growth, defence, industrial automation.
  • Mechanical / Mechatronics / Robotics — manufacturing modernisation and defence projects.
  • Environmental & Chemical Engineering — water, waste, green hydrogen and emissions control.
Engineering FieldKey Sectors / ProjectsPrimary Hiring Regions
Civil & StructuralRoads, bridges, rail, housing, constructionNSW, VIC, QLD
Mechanical & MechatronicsDefence, robotics, automation, manufacturingSA, NSW, WA
Electrical & Power SystemsRenewable energy, solar, battery, grid upgradesQLD, SA, TAS
Mining & PetroleumResources, oil & gas, minerals, site developmentWA, QLD
Environmental & ChemicalWater, waste, hydrogen, sustainabilityVIC, WA
Software / Systems / NetworkSmart infrastructure, IoT, industrial controlNationwide
(Occupation lists and state nomination priorities change; always check the relevant state skills list and the national Skilled Occupation List before submitting an Expression of Interest.)

Typical salary expectations (benchmarks for 2025)

Salaries vary by discipline, experience and location. Engineers Australia’s labour market analysis and major job sites report average total remuneration for engineering occupations around the six-figure mark (AUD $100k+ for many established fields), with mining and senior specialist roles paying significantly more. Entry salaries are lower; city vs regional and industry (mining/tech/public) make a big difference. Use up-to-date job boards (Seek, Hays, PayScale) and Engineers Australia reports to benchmark specific roles by city.

Engineering DisciplineAverage Annual Salary (AUD)Experience Level
Civil Engineer$80,000 – $135,000Graduate to Senior
Mechanical Engineer$85,000 – $140,000Graduate to Senior
Electrical Engineer$90,000 – $145,000Graduate to Senior
Software / Systems Engineer$100,000 – $160,000Mid to Senior
Mining Engineer$120,000 – $180,000Mid to Senior
Environmental Engineer$75,000 – $120,000Graduate to Mid

The main migration pathways for engineers (2025) — quick overview

1) General Skilled Migration (points-tested)

  • Subclass 189 (Skilled Independent — permanent) — points-tested visa; no sponsor required.
  • Subclass 190 (Skilled Nominated — permanent) — requires nomination by an Australian state/territory (gives extra points).
  • Subclass 491 (Skilled Work Regional — provisional) — regional nomination; pathway to PR after meeting conditions.
    These visas usually require a successful migration skills assessment, that your occupation is on the correct skilled/occupation list, and that you meet the points test (minimum pass mark often 65 but invitations are competitive).

2) Employer-sponsored visas

  • Subclass 186 (Employer Nomination Scheme — permanent) — employer must nominate; streams include Temporary Residence Transition and Direct Entry.
  • Subclass 482 / Skills in Demand / replacement visa systems — temporary employer-sponsored streams can lead to employer nomination and permanent residence. Note: the Australian Government has been revising temporary and specialist employer pathways recently—processing times and stream rules have changed in 2024–25.

3) Temporary Graduate Visa (Subclass 485)

If you finish an Australian-recognised qualification (eligible engineering degrees) you can apply for a temporary graduate visa that gives time to gain local experience and meet employer sponsorship/state nomination requirements.

4) Labour Agreements & Regional Programs

Where direct nomination or standard pathways are not available, employers and regions sometimes use labour agreements or targeted regional programs to sponsor specialist engineering skills.

Visa TypeCategoryPermanent?Sponsor Required?Key Notes
Subclass 189Skilled IndependentYesNoPoints-based, invite only
Subclass 190Skilled NominatedYesState sponsorExtra 5 points for nomination
Subclass 491Skilled Work Regional (Provisional)Pathway to PRRegional sponsor3 years to convert to PR
Subclass 186Employer Nomination SchemeYesEmployerDirect or transition entry
Subclass 482Temporary Skill ShortageTemporaryEmployer2–4 years, can lead to 186
Subclass 485Temporary GraduateTemporaryNoFor international graduates

Engineers Australia — the crucial migration skills assessment

Engineers Australia is the designated assessing authority for most engineering occupations. For most overseas-qualified engineers you must obtain a positive Migration Skills Assessment (MSA) from Engineers Australia before submitting a skilled visa application. The assessment pathway depends on your qualification: accredited degrees, recognised accord degrees (Washington/Sydney/Dublin), or non-accord degrees (which usually require a Competency Demonstration Report — CDR). Engineers Australia updated aspects of their assessment process in 2024–2025, so check the official Engineers Australia migration page and guidance for the pathway that matches your credential.

Practical tip: If your degree is not accredited under the international accords, you will very likely need to prepare a CDR — four technical career episodes, a summary statement, CV and English evidence. The CDR must be your original work and should be tailored to the Engineers Australia migration booklet.

Assessment PathwayWho It Applies ToKey Requirements
Accredited Qualification PathwayEngineers with Australian or Washington Accord degreesSubmit degree & transcripts
Competency Demonstration Report (CDR)Engineers with non-accredited international degrees3 career episodes, summary statement, CPD
Mutual Recognition AgreementEngineers from countries with MRA with EASimplified process
Australian Qualification + ExperienceGraduates from Australian universitiesCan use direct qualification proof

The occupation lists & what they mean for engineers

Australia uses occupation lists (these have been reviewed and reformed; for 2024–25 the government has published updated Core Skills/CSOL and related lists). Whether a particular engineering ANZSCO code is eligible for a visa depends on which list and which visa you’re applying for — some lists target long-term needs while others enable short-term or regional solutions. Jobs & Skills Australia and the Department of Home Affairs publish the lists and consultation outcomes that drive policy changes—check them before lodging an EOI.

Realities & risks in 2025 — what to watch out for

  • Processing delays & policy change: The immigration program has been through structural changes, and expert reports warn of processing delays and shifting priorities—especially for temporary skilled streams—so plan timelines accordingly.
  • State allocations & nomination caps: State/territory nomination quotas can change during the program year; some states may restrict certain occupations or have additional local rules. Always confirm with the state migration pages.
  • Quality of supporting documents: Engineers Australia and the Department of Home Affairs reject incomplete or poorly supported applications; invest time in a full skills assessment and high-quality evidence (employment records, reference letters, pay slips, detailed job descriptions).

Step-by-step checklist for engineers who want to migrate in 2025

  1. Identify the ANZSCO occupation that best matches your role (use Home Affairs occupation search).
  2. Check whether that occupation appears on the relevant visa/occupation list (CSOL/MLTSSL/STSOL/any current lists); if you want state nomination check the state skills lists.
  3. Get a migration skills assessment from Engineers Australia (determine whether your qualification is accredited/accord or needs a CDR). Begin this early — assessments can take weeks.
  4. Gather evidence — verified qualifications, detailed employment references (role, tasks, hours, dates), certified ID, English test results (IELTS/PTE/OET if required).
  5. Calculate your points (age, English, skilled employment, qualifications, partner skills, etc.) and decide whether to aim for 189, 190, 491 or employer-sponsored routes.
  6. If using state nomination, apply to the state for nomination and secure it before lodging visa application or wait for invitation per state rules.
  7. Prepare your visa application on ImmiAccount or via an accredited migration agent. Be precise — missing documents are the top cause of delay.
  8. Plan finances & timing — be aware of visa fees, assessment fees, moving costs and potential processing delays.

Career & professional registration after arrival

  • Registration/licensing: Engineers working in some disciplines (e.g., certain structural or building-critical roles) may require state-level registration or chartered status for certain tasks — check local boards and professional bodies. Engineers Australia provides pathways to Chartered status which helps employability.
  • Networking & job search: Use Engineers Australia branches, LinkedIn, industry recruiters (Hays, Michael Page, specialist engineering recruiters) and local job boards. Local experience and Australian referees speed hiring.

Quick FAQ (short answers)

Q: Do I always need Engineers Australia assessment?
A: For most engineering ANZSCO occupations used in skilled migration, yes — Engineers Australia is the assessing authority and a positive MSA is required before visa lodgement.

Q: Which visa gives fastest route to permanent residency?
A: Employer-sponsored Subclass 186 (Direct Entry or TRT stream) or skilled nominated Subclass 190 are common fast routes to PR but depend on employer/state support and your eligibility.

Q: How long does a CDR take to prepare?
A: Realistically, 4–12 weeks if you collect supporting evidence, write career episodes and get professional proofreading — allow time for rework if Engineers Australia requests clarifications.

Final tips — make your application competitive

  • Get a pre-assessment or skills check to identify gaps early.
  • Improve English test scores (higher scores = more points).
  • Consider regional visas (491) — easier state nomination and often faster invitations for in-demand regional occupations.
  • If possible, secure an Australian employer willing to sponsor (482 → 186) — employer pathways are often quicker to permanent residency.

Useful official links (check these first)

  • Department of Home Affairs — Skilled occupation lists & visa pages (visa subclasses 189 / 190 / 491 / 186).
  • Engineers Australia — Migration skills assessment & designation info.
  • Jobs & Skills Australia / CSOL consultations — for the latest occupation priorities.

Summary

Engineering careers in Australia remain highly rewarding and in-demand throughout 2025.
With a strong job market, attractive salaries, and clear migration routes — Australia welcomes skilled engineers in all major fields.

Whether through a skilled independent visa (189)state nomination (190/491), or employer sponsorship (186/482), a well-prepared engineer with a positive Engineers Australia assessment stands an excellent chance to secure permanent residency and build a successful career down under.

October 11, 2025

Australia is one of the most desirable destinations for skilled professionals around the world. With its strong economy, diverse culture, and demand for global talent, the country continues to attract thousands of migrants each year through the General Skilled Migration (GSM) program

The GSM program operates on a points-based system, meaning applicants must achieve a minimum number of points to be invited for a visa. For 2025, the minimum invitation threshold remains at 65 points, but in reality, competitive occupations often require 80+ points to secure an invitation. 

This article explains how the points system works and provides practical strategies to improve your points for skilled migration visas such as Subclass 189 (Skilled Independent Visa), Subclass 190 (Skilled Nominated Visa), and Subclass 491 (Skilled Work Regional Visa)

Understanding the Points Test 

The Department of Home Affairs assesses applicants on factors such as: 

  • Age 
  • English language proficiency 
  • Skilled employment experience 
  • Educational qualifications 
  • Australian study experience 
  • Specialist education qualifications 
  • Credentialed community language skills 
  • Regional study or work 
  • Partner skills 
  • State or territory nomination / family sponsorship 

Skilled Migration Points Calculator

Below is a simplified table of the points test categories and their maximum points available: 

Category Description Maximum Points 
Age Points based on age bracket (max at 25–32 years) 30 
English Language Proficiency IELTS/PTE/TOEFL (Competent, Proficient, Superior) 20 
Overseas Work Experience 1–8+ years of skilled employment overseas 15 
Australian Work Experience 1–8+ years of skilled employment in Australia 20 
Educational Qualifications Doctorate, Bachelor’s/Master’s, Diploma/Trade 20 
Australian Study Requirement 2+ years of CRICOS-registered study in Australia 
Specialist Education Qualification (STEM) Master’s by Research or PhD in STEM field in Australia 10 
Credentialed Community Language (CCL) Extra points for bilingual applicants with NAATI accreditation 
Regional Study or Residence Study or work in designated regional areas of Australia 15 
Partner Skills Partner’s skills, English, and occupation assessment 10 
State or Territory Nomination (190/491) State nomination = +5 points; Regional nomination = +15 points 15 

Minimum Points Required

  • 65 points = minimum to lodge an Expression of Interest (EOI). 
  • 75–85 points = competitive range for most popular occupations. 
  • Higher points = faster invitations in SkillSelect rounds. 

Ways to Improve Your Points

1. Age (Maximum: 30 points) 

  • Highest points for 25–32 years (30 points). 
  • Apply early before losing points with age. 

2. English Language Proficiency (Maximum: 20 points) 

  • Competent → 0 points (minimum requirement). 
  • Proficient (IELTS 7 in each band) → 10 points. 
  • Superior (IELTS 8 in each band) → 20 points. 
    Tip: Retake English tests to boost your score. 

3. Skilled Employment Experience 

  • Overseas: Up to 15 points. 
  • Australian: Up to 20 points (valued higher than overseas). 

4. Educational Qualifications 

  • Doctorate → 20 points. 
  • Bachelor’s/Master’s → 15 points. 
  • Diploma/Trade → 10 points. 

5. Australian Study Requirement (5 points) 

  • Complete at least 2 years of CRICOS-registered study. 

6. Specialist Education in STEM (10 points) 

  • Master’s by Research or PhD in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math, or IT. 

7. Credentialed Community Language (5 points) 

  • NAATI accreditation for bilingual applicants. 

8. Regional Study/Residence (5–15 points) 

  • Study or work in regional Australia. 
  • Subclass 491 visa gives +15 points. 

9. Partner Skills (Up to 10 points) 

  • Skilled partner with positive skills assessment = 10 points. 
  • Partner with English only = 5 points. 

10. State or Territory Nomination 

  • Subclass 190 = +5 points. 
  • Subclass 491 = +15 points. 

2025 Updates 

Graduate Work Stream skills requirement reinstated
English requirements tightened (IELTS 6.5 overall minimum). 
Priority given to health, IT, teaching, aged care, and renewable energy roles. 

2026 Migration Strategy – What’s Coming?

  • More regional incentives for study and work. 
  • Extra recognition for STEM and healthcare graduates
  • Revised partner skills system to encourage dual-skilled families. 

Example Points Calculation 

Applicant Profile Example: 

  • Age: 29 → 30 points 
  • English: IELTS 8 → 20 points 
  • Overseas Experience: 5 years → 10 points 
  • Bachelor’s + Master’s in Australia → 30 points 
  • State Nomination (190) → 5 points 
  • Total = 95 points (Highly competitive for invitation). 

Conclusion

Improving your points for skilled migration visas in Australia is about strategy and planning. While age and qualifications may be fixed, areas like English proficiency, regional study, state nomination, and partner skills offer big opportunities to boost your score. 

The Subclass 189, 190, and 491 visas remain highly competitive, but with the right approach, securing permanent residency is within reach. 

For skilled professionals aiming to build their future in Australia, maximising points is the first and most important step towards a successful migration journey

September 25, 2025

Australia has long promoted regional migration to boost economic growth, fill skill shortages and support population distribution. For international students, skilled workers, and migrants considering life outside Australia’s biggest cities, there are now clearer, more rewarding pathways involving study, work, and permanent settlement. This article explains the current visa options, policy changes, eligibility, benefits, and how to plan your pathway successfully

Why Consider Regional Australia?

Living and studying in a regional area (areas outside the major metropolitan centres like Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane) has increasing appeal because of:
– Lower cost of living, housing and lifestyle pressure.
– Extra points under the skilled migration system for studying in regional areas.
– Longer post-study work rights in many cases.
– Strong demand for skills in many sectors in regional/rural towns, leading to priority visa streams.

Key Visa Pathways and Their Requirements

These are some of the main visas and migration programs that support regional migration:

Visa / ProgramTypeWho It’s ForKey RequirementsPermanent Residency Pathway
Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) – Subclass 491Temporary / ProvisionalSkilled workers nominated by a State/Territory or sponsored by eligible family to live, work in regional areas.Meet skills assessment, English ability, expression of interest, nomination by state/territory or family member. Live/work in designated regional area.After specified period (often 3 years in regional area plus meeting work, residence conditions), one can apply for permanent residence (often via Subclass 191).
Temporary Graduate Visa (Subclass 485)TemporaryInternational students who’ve recently graduated. For regional, there are extended or special post‑study work streams.Complete course (Australian study requirement), often live/study in regional campus or area. Other eligibility requirements apply (English, health, etc.).This visa itself doesn’t give PR, but work experience under 485 can help towards regional skilled visas like 491/191.
Employer‑Sponsored Visas for Regional Areas (e.g. Skills in Demand, DAMA, or regional streams of the new visa regimes)Temporary / PermanentSkilled workers with employer backing in regional areas where there are skill shortages. E.g. Northern Territory DAMA deals etc.Having a valid job offer, occupation listed in the relevant region, nomination or sponsorship.Some allow transition to PR via employer‑sponsored permanent visa streams if all criteria met.
Subclass 191 – Permanent Residence (Skilled Regional)PermanentPeople holding a provisional regional skilled visa (like 491) who meet residence/work requirements in regional areas.Must have lived/worked in a designated regional area for a certain period under qualifying visa(s). Meet other criteria (income, health, etc.).Direct PR once criteria satisfied.

Recent & Important Changes (2024‑2025)

To stay current, here are some of the latest policy updates you should know:

  1. Increased focus on regional migration
    The government has allocated more places and priority processing to regional visa classes under recent reforms.
  2. Extended Post‑Study Work Rights for Regional Graduates
    Graduates from regional institutions are now eligible for longer post‑study work visas, which bolster chances for gaining work experience and fulfilling requirements for regional skilled visas.
  3. Subclass 491 updates
    There have been some updated requirements for the 491 visa to ensure stronger settlement in regional zones: clearer criteria for nomination, proof of residence/work in regional area, etc.
  4. DAMA and Other Regional Deals
    For example, in the Northern Territory, agreements and regional sponsored migration schemes are expanding to include more occupations, more places, and better opportunity for employer sponsorship.
  5. Points incentives
    Studying in regional Australia often gives extra points under General Skilled Migration. These points can help with invitations for skilled visas like 190, 491.

Quick summary of the biggest recent changes (2025–26)

  • The permanent Migration Program for 2025–26 stays at 185,000 places and continues to prioritise skilled migration (so demand for skilled regional places remains high).
  • The Department of Home Affairs continues to maintain/clarify rules for the Permanent Residence (Skilled Regional) visa — subclass 191 (pathway from provisional regional visas such as 491/494). Applicants must satisfy the qualifying-period income and other eligibility rules 
  • Designated regional areas (the postcode list that determines “regional” benefits) remain in force — you must check the postcode list for your campus, workplace or employer nomination because those areas determine eligibility for regional points, visas and concessions.
  • The Australian study requirement + regional study bonus still gives you extra points (typically 5 points) on the skilled migration points test if you completed eligible study while living in a designated regional area — this is a major incentive for international students to study in regional campuses. (Always confirm your study meets the “Australian study requirement”.)
  • State/territory nomination programs and allocations are increasingly dynamic in 2025: some states closed nominations earlier in the year after hitting caps (so state nomination windows and priorities change frequently). Expect state-level quotas, priority sectors and regional targeting to differ by state.

Steps to Plan Your Regional Pathway

If you’re serious about studying, working and settling in regional Australia, here’s a roadmap you might follow:

  1. Choose a course in a regional area
    Find a university or training provider in a designated regional location. Ensure it qualifies for the Australian study requirement.
  2. Understand the Australian Study Requirement (ASR)
    For many temporary/graduated visas and skilled migration, you need to complete a course in Australia for a minimum duration (often 16 months or more). Doing this in a regional area helps with bonus points and eligibility.
  3. Gain work experience in the region
    Part‑time or graduate work in the regional area strengthens your visa application and helps satisfy residency/work requirements in many regional visa subclasses.
  4. Proceed via a provisional skilled regional visa (Subclass 491 or employer sponsored regional)
    This gives time to live, work and meet the conditions required before applying for permanent residence (Subclass 191 or equivalent).
  5. Submit Expression of Interest or apply for nomination
    Many state or territory governments have nomination programs (for 190, 491) or for employer‑sponsored schemes in regional areas. Secure nomination or sponsorship where required.
  6. Meet all visa conditions
    Including health, English language, skills assessment, character, and ensuring your region qualifies and you live/work where required.

Pros & Cons: What to Expect

Pros:

  • Faster or more accessible PR pathways than some metropolitan routes.
  • Financial incentives: lower living costs, sometimes lower tuition or fees.
  • Less competition for certain jobs and places.
  • Additional points under the migration points‑based system.

Cons:

  • Limited services, fewer institutions in some remote areas.
  • Fewer jobs available depending on the region and occupation.
  • Sometimes regional visas come with obligations (must live/work in regional area) to maintain status or for PR.
  • Adjustment to lifestyle, amenities may be different than city life.

Important Tips & Common Pitfalls

  • Check the definition of “regional”: Australia categorises areas as “designated regional” differently depending on visa subclass. What counts in one may not in another.
  • Stay updated: Visa rules do change often. Reforms in 2025 have affected many regional migration pathways. Always check the Department of Home Affairs website.
  • Keep records: Proof of study, proof of residence, work in regional areas, hours worked, community ties are all useful.
  • Scholarships / supports: Some regional campuses or governments offer scholarships or financial support for regional students.
  • Plan ahead for PR: Holding temporary/regional visas is often only part of the journey. You’ll need to align with permanent migration criteria eventually.

Conclusion

Regional migration pathways in Australia are now among the most attractive options for students and skilled migrants who want study, work, and permanent settlement outside major cities. With benefits like added migration points, extended post‑study work opportunities, employer‑sponsored options and more favourable eligibility in many cases, regional pathways can offer faster or more accessible routes into work and residency. But to succeed, careful planning, meeting all conditions (study, work, location), and staying current with policy changes are essential.

September 18, 2025

Australia’s migration system has made several changes in 2025 affecting family reunion via partner, parent, child and other dependent visas. Suppose you or your loved one are applying for a family or partner visa. In that case, this guide covers visa subclasses, eligibility rules, recent policy changes, cost details, documentation, timeframes, risks, and FAQs to help you prepare.

1. Overview of Family & Partner Visa Categories

Here are the main visa categories under “Family & Partner” migration in Australia:

CategoryPurpose
Partner VisasFor spouses, de facto partners, and fiancé(e)s of Australian citizens, permanent residents or eligible NZ citizens.
Prospective Marriage Visa (Subclass 300)If you intend to marry an Australian citizen / permanent resident / eligible NZ citizen but are currently outside Australia.
Parent VisasPermanent or temporary visas for parents of Australian citizens or permanent residents. Includes contributory and non‑contributory parent visas.
Child / Adoption / Remaining Relative / Aged Dependent / Carer VisasFor dependent children, adopted children, relatives needing care, or family members who will be sponsored.

2. Key Policy Changes & Updates in 2025

Below are major changes that affect family & partner visas in 2025:

  • Visa Fee Increases: As of 1 July 2025, government charges for partner visas (subclasses 820/801 and 309/100, and Prospective Marriage subclass 300) increased.
  • Single-Stage Partner Visa Process: Legislation has changed, requiring sponsor approval before lodging partner visa applications. The process has been streamlined to reduce delays.
  • Stricter Eligibility / Evidence Requirements: Heightened scrutiny on the genuineness of relationships, cohabitation, social evidence, and financial interdependence. Sponsors may have to show more proof.
  • English Language Requirements: Increased emphasis on demonstrating functional English, especially for permanent partner visa stages / sponsors.
  • More Rigorous Health, Character, Police Checks: Applicants and sponsors must meet stricter health and character standards. Documents like police certificates may need to be fresher.
  • Balance of Family Test Clarifications: For parent visas, definitions of “eligible children,” counting of stepchildren or adopted children, residency status of children etc., are being more clearly applied.

3. Visa Types & Eligibility Requirements

Here’s a deeper look at the main visa subclasses and what they require.

Partner Visas

Visa SubclassOnshore / OffshoreKey Requirements
820 / 801Onshore (apply while in Australia)Spouse or de facto partner of Australian citizen / PR / eligible NZ citizen. Genuine relationship, sponsor approval, cohabitation / relationship evidence. After temporary (820), then eligible for permanent (801).
309 / 100Offshore (applicant applying from outside Australia)Same relationship requirements. Must be married or in de facto relationship. Permanent stage (100) after temporary (309).
300 (Prospective Marriage)Offshore / may also grant entry temporarilyYou must intend to marry your sponsor within 9 months of visa grant. Relationship proof (though marriage hasn’t yet happened), sponsor eligibility etc.

Eligibility things to check:

  • Are you married or in de facto relationship? If de facto, often need at least 12 months of cohabitation (or proof of equivalent interdependence) depending on state.
  • Is your partner a citizen, permanent resident, or eligible NZ citizen?
  • Can you prove “genuine and continuing relationship” (see section 5).
  • Sponsor must meet character, financial, and sometimes English requirements.
  • Health & police checks.

Parent & Other Family Visas

Visa SubclassType (Permanent / Temporary)Key Requirements
Subclass 143 (Contributory Parent, Permanent)PermanentMust pass balance of family test; sponsorship; higher fees; long wait times; financial capacity; health & character checks.
Subclass 103 (Non‑contributory Parent, Permanent)PermanentSame family test; lower fees, but very long processing times.
Subclass 870 (Sponsored Parent, Temporary)TemporaryDoesn’t require balance of family test; maximum stay up to 5 years (renewable once totalling up to 10 years); sponsors must meet income requirements.
Others (Remaining Relative, Carer, Aged Dependent)Permanent / TemporaryUsually strict eligibility; dependency; proof of care; familial relationship; limited places or quotas.

4. Sponsorship & Sponsor Obligations

The sponsor is usually the Australian partner, citizen/PR, or eligible relative. They have obligations and responsibilities, such as:

  • Being an Australian citizen, permanent resident, or eligible NZ citizen.
  • Being a partner or family member as defined.
  • Meet character requirements.
  • Financially support the visa holder, ensuring they aren’t likely to access certain government support (in some visas).
  • In some cases, meeting minimal income thresholds.
  • Signing declarations / legal undertakings regarding relationship genuineness.

Sponsor pre-approval is now required before lodging many partner visa applications.

5. Relationship Evidence: What Counts & What Doesn’t

To satisfy Home Affairs that your relationship is genuine, you’ll need substantial evidence. Useful categories include:

  • Cohabitation evidence: Joint lease or rental agreements; utility bills; joint ownership of property; shared residence history.
  • Financial interdependence: Joint bank accounts; shared bills; shared investments; evidence of shared expenses.
  • Social recognition: Photos of you together over time, with family/friends; shared travel; invitations or acknowledgments; social media etc.
  • Commitment over time: How long you’ve been together; major life events (weddings, travel, holidays, moving in together) etc.
  • De facto or married status: If married, a legal marriage certificate. If de facto, proof of living together or evidence of similar to cohabitation for required time.

Bad evidence or weak areas:

  • Gaps in cohabitation or frequent periods apart without explanation.
  • Inconsistent or changing stories or timelines.
  • Poor documentation (uncertified photocopies, untranslated docs without certification).
  • Over‑reliance on simple statements without supporting proof.

6. Costs, Fees & Other Expenses

2025 sees increased charges and additional “hidden” costs. Here’s a breakdown:

Cost CategoryEstimated Amount / Notes
Government Application Fee (Partner Visas 820/801, 309/100, 300)~ AUD 9,365 for main applicant as of 1 July 2025.
Dependents (over / under 18)Approx AUD 4,685 (over‑18 dependent) & AUD 2,345 (under‑18 dependent) for Partner visas.
Health Checks / MedicalsVariable depending on country, age, and health history. Must be through approved providers.
Police CertificatesFrom all countries lived in for significant periods (often 12+ months) since age 16 or so. Must be current.
Translation / Certified CopiesIf documents are not in English; certified translation adds cost.
Legal / Agent FeesOptional but many people use migration agents or lawyers; costs vary widely with complexity.
Other Miscellaneous CostsBiometrics, travel for health/police checks, postage, photography etc.

Note: The required “government charges” are non‑refundable even if visa is refused.

7. Processing Times & Common Delays

  • The temporary stage (e.g. subclass 820 or 309) often takes many months to process. Offshore vs onshore applications can differ.
  • Once temporary visa granted, moving to permanent stage (801 / 100) also takes time.
  • Delays often come from missing or old documents (e.g. expired police certificate or medical), unclear relationship evidence, or sponsor not meeting obligations.
  • Bridging visas: If you apply onshore, you may be granted a bridging visa while waiting. Be sure to maintain your legal stay in Australia.

8. Balance of Family Test (Parent Visas)

For many permanent parent visas (Subclass 103, 143, 804, 864), you must satisfy the Balance of Family Test. Key points:

  • You must have at least half of your children (biological, adopted or stepchildren) who are eligible children living in Australia as citizens or permanent residents or eligible NZ citizens; or have more eligible children in Australia than in any other single country.
  • All children count (adopted, step, biological), regardless of age or dependency. † But be careful: children overseas temporarily still count, but proof of residency status needed. Deceased children also need documentation.
  • If you cannot pass this test, you generally cannot apply for those parent visas permanently. BUT some temporary parent visas (e.g. Subclass 870) do not require the Balance of Family Test.

9. Risks, Pitfalls & Tips for Success

Here are things people often overlook, and how to reduce risk:

  • Submit everything and keep things updated: As your relationship evolves, or if you move, or documents expire, you need to update the visa application record.
  • Timely health & police checks: If these expire before visa grant, delays or even refusals may occur. Always check validity times.
  • Honesty is crucial: Misrepresenting relationship, hiding previous marriages / separations, or finances can lead to refusal or even bans.
  • Sponsor eligibility: Even if the applicant is fine, the sponsor must meet obligations; failure there can derail the application.
  • Financial capacity: It may not always be explicitly about income; showing actual ability to support, living arrangements, financial contributions etc. helps.
  • Travel and visa conditions: Some temporary visas prohibit certain types of travel or have “no further stay” conditions; know what’s allowed.

10. FAQs

Q: Do I have to be married to apply for a partner visa?
A: No. You can apply if you are in a de facto relationship. Most de facto cases require proof of living together for 12+ months (or equivalent) depending on your state.

Q: What if I don’t meet the Balance of Family Test for a Parent visa?
A: Then you generally can’t apply for permanent parent visas like subclass 103, 143 etc. But you may consider temporary parent visa options (e.g. subclass 870) which don’t require the test.

Q: How long is the wait for partner visas?
A: It depends on whether you apply onshore or offshore, how complete your documentation is, how strong your relationship evidence is, and Home Affairs workload. It may take 12‑24 months or more in some cases.

Q: Can my partner/spouse work while I wait for the permanent stage?
A: Usually yes, once the temporary partner visa is granted (820 or 309). It often also gives the right to study. Check visa conditions carefully.

Q: What if we break up before the permanent partner visa is granted?
A: You must notify Home Affairs. The temporary visa could be revoked. If there’s family violence or other complicating factors, there may be safety provisions.

Q: Does Australia grant any visas faster for certain nationalities?
A: Not officially for nationalities, but if your documentation is clean, relationship evidence strong, and you meet all requirements without outstanding issues, that speeds things up. Also, applicants from low “risk” countries may get faster processing.

Example Case Study (Illustrative)

Here’s a fictional example (based on common elements) to show how this works in practice.

Case Study
Maria is married to David, an Australian citizen. They have lived together for 3 years in Sydney. Maria is applying for a Partner Visa (820/801).

What Maria needs to gather:

  • Marriage certificate
  • Proof of joint residence: lease agreement in both names, shared utilities, joint bank account
  • Social evidence: photos together over years, joint holidays, letters from family/friends attesting to relationship, social media posts etc.
  • Health check & police certificates from all countries Maria has lived in >12 months.
  • Sponsor (David) needs to pass character and income obligations; may need to show functional English level if required.
  • Pay application fee ~AUD 9,365; also budget for translations, medicals etc.

Potential issues:

  • If a document expires during processing (say a police certificate becomes old), application may be delayed or even refused.
  • If relationship proof is sparse, or cohabitation is recent or interrupted, extra scrutiny may be applied.

Timeline:

  • Temporary visa (820) grant might take 12‑18 months
  • Permanent stage (801) may follow after 2 years or once certain requirements have been met

Final Thoughts

Family and partner visas are one of the most emotionally important migration pathways — allowing people to live with loved ones. But they also come with complexity: strict evidentiary requirements, significant costs, sponsor obligations, and long processing times.

If you’re planning to apply in 2025:

  • Start early. Collect evidence over time.
  • Keep all your documents valid.
  • Be transparent and thorough.
  • Understand both your and your sponsor’s obligations.
  • Budget not just visa fees but all associated costs.
  • Consider legal or migration agent help if your case is complex (children, prior marriages, overseas separations etc).
August 22, 2025

This guest article is written by Tim O’Brien and Claire Clifford of INTO University Partnerships, where Tim serves as Senior Vice President for New Partner Development and Claire as Vice President for Pricing, Insights and Research.

A Wall Street Journal piece published on June 4, 2025, highlighted that international students contribute over US$40 billion annually to the US economy. The report also referenced speculation around possible restrictions on Optional Practical Training (OPT)—a program that allows international graduates to gain vital professional experience in the US.

Meanwhile in the UK, the government has signaled its plan to reduce the Graduate Route work visa from two years to just 18 months. Findings from our recent research show that these policy shifts could weaken the foundation of global student mobility. What was once perceived as an additional advantage has become a core element in making overseas study financially sustainable.

Take the example of an Indian student completing a bachelor’s degree at a US private university: without work rights, it could take more than three decades to recover the financial outlay. With just two years of post-study employment, the repayment timeline shrinks by 11 years—and in Canada or Australia, it can be reduced to as little as three. For Chinese students, access to post-study work opportunities can shorten the payback period by nearly six years. (These projections use average graduate earnings in each country and account for standard taxation.)

In every scenario, the data points to the same conclusion: post-study work options significantly accelerate the return on investment, making them not only attractive but essential for students and their families.

China

Years of work in home country needed for Chinese undergraduate students to earn back the equivalent costs of study abroad under three scenarios: (i) stay in study destination, (ii) undertake two years of post-study work in study destination, and (iii) return home immediately after study programme. Source: INTO
Years of work in home country needed for Chinese graduate students to earn back the equivalent costs of study abroad under three scenarios: (i) stay in study destination, (ii) undertake two years of post-study work in study destination, and (iii) return home immediately after study programme. Source: INTO

As the first chart illustrates, a student who graduates in the UK and returns directly to China would face a repayment period of nearly 14 years to cover the full cost of a three-year undergraduate degree at a Russell Group university, including living expenses. With the option of two years of post-study employment, that burden is reduced by about four years. For master’s students, the picture is similar: returning immediately means it takes around 4.6 years to recover the cost of a one-year master’s program, but engaging in post-study work in the UK can cut that time by nearly half.

In another scenario, if the same undergraduate secures a graduate-level role in the UK before heading back home, the repayment window shortens even further—by almost five years—bringing the breakeven point down to just under four years.

India

Years of work in home country needed for Indian undergraduate students to earn back the equivalent costs of study abroad under three scenarios: (i) stay in study destination, (ii) undertake two years of post-study work in study destination, and (iii) return home immediately after study programme. Source: INTO
Years of work in home country needed for Indian graduate students to earn back the equivalent costs of study abroad under three scenarios: (i) stay in study destination, (ii) undertake two years of post-study work in study destination, and (iii) return home immediately after study programme. Source: INTO

The data also shows that Indian students who return home right after completing a three-year undergraduate degree at a Russell Group university would need nearly 14 years to earn back the full cost, including living expenses. Choosing a non-Russell Group institution shortens that timeframe by about two years. For master’s students, the recovery is quicker, with the cost of a one-year program being recouped in just under five years if they return home immediately.

If, however, an undergraduate secures graduate-level employment in the UK before heading back, the repayment timeline drops significantly—by more than eight years—allowing them to break even in just five and a half years.

But affordability cannot rest solely on the shoulders of immigration policy. While reducing tuition may not be financially sustainable, universities must innovate in how they deliver programs. Offshore campuses, hybrid learning, and transnational degree structures enable students to begin their studies locally at lower cost and complete them abroad, still gaining the global experience and qualifications employers prize.

These alternatives are expanding quickly. As Dr. Cheryl You wrote in Times Higher Education, “More students are opting for in-country pathways, such as foundation programmes or 2+2 joint degree arrangements between Chinese and Western universities, as more practical and supportive alternatives. In addition, they are increasingly looking beyond traditional overseas study destinations to closer-to-home alternatives, such as Hong Kong, Macao or elsewhere in Asia.”

When it comes to post-study work rights, they remain central to the value proposition of international education. Such opportunities are not about permanent migration, nor do they strain public resources. In the UK, for instance, international graduates on post-study work visas contribute through additional surcharges for access to the National Health Service. Crucially, short-term work experience abroad makes a world-class education more financially viable for students, while supplying host countries with much-needed skills—particularly in high-demand sectors like technology and other knowledge-driven industries.

For both universities and policymakers, the conclusion is unavoidable: a student’s return on investment has become the defining measure of trust in global higher education. Student mobility thrives when the financial equation makes sense for all parties.

Methodology note: Calculations are based on average tuition and living costs across destination countries, paired with graduate starting salaries (after tax) under three different post-graduation scenarios.

Source: https://monitor.icef.com/2025/08/how-post-study-work-rights-can-make-or-break-the-return-on-investment-for-study-abroad/

April 29, 2025

Online services are now offered to assist Parent visa applicants who submit a paper application. Although applicants still need to use a paper form for their application, they can import it into ImmiAccount after the Immigration Department confirm its receipt. By importing their application into ImmiAccount, applicants can access to online services including:

  • Upload supporting documents
  • View messages from the Immigration Department
  • Update personal information
  • Check the status of the application

These services are available for all new and existing applications, except for Parent (subclass 103) visa applications submitted before November 2018.

Source: https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/news-media/archive/article?itemId=1311

March 13, 2025

Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) has revised its requirements so that international students in degree programmes delivered by Canadian colleges will now no longer have to meet a field-of-study requirement to be eligible for a Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP). That requirement had been put in place in 2024 for Canadian colleges but not universities, and it was part of an effort by the Canadian government to apply heavier scrutiny to the international education sector.

“Graduates of college degree programs will no longer be required to meet the PGWP field of study requirement,” said Canadian Bureau for International Education CEO Larissa Bezo, who was commenting on the rule change on LinkedIn.

Contributing to the field-of-study restriction was research showing that international students have been disproportionately represented in business programmes in Canada, particularly in colleges located in urban centres. By contrast, in the US, more than half of international students across degree levels are enrolled in STEM programmes.

Number of study permits approved or extended to international students in Canada by field of study, 2018–2023. Business studies have been the most popular field for international students coming to Canada. Source: CBC/IRCC

Rupa Banerjee, an associate professor at Toronto Metropolitan University who holds the Canada Research Chair in the economic inclusion of immigrants, told CBC News in 2024: “Students are graduating from programs that are not particularly valuable in the labour market, that are not allowing them to get the jobs that will then allow them to transition and become productive Canadian permanent residents.”

The new wording on the IRCC website clarifies that once again, students graduating from all Canadian bachelor’s and master’s degree programmes – whether from universities or colleges – are eligible for the PGWP if they meet language requirements.

IRCC states that international students graduating from degree programmes delivered by colleges or universities are eligible for the PGWP.

Undue discrimination

While Canadian colleges have tended to enrol about twice the number of international students in business programmes as universities have, the fact is that those colleges are often highly adept at graduating students with niche skills needed by the Canadian economy – whether in business or other sectors.

The reversal of the field-of-study requirement for Canadian colleges goes some way to levelling the playing field for Canadian colleges recruiting students overseas. That said, it may take some time for Canadian colleges to restore their standing in key markets. The uncertainty and disruption inflicted by immigration policies that affected their business far more than that of Canadian universities has been severe.

On 2 October 2024, Canada’s peak body for public colleges, Colleges and Institutes Canada (CICan) wrote about the policy bias and overly general understanding of “labour market needs”:

“The reforms single out public colleges to prove their programs align with national labour market needs – determined by Ottawa – in order to be considered an eligible field of study for a post-graduate work permit. New eligibility restrictions also make a false distinction between the quality and relevance of college and university bachelor’s degrees approved by their provinces.

Ottawa’s decision to align programs with national needs creates a fundamental disconnect between the pressing needs of local labour markets and the essential contributions of skilled international graduates from the over 10,000 diploma and bachelor’s degree programs in high demand fields across our network. We believe this disconnect needs to be addressed with urgency.”

Given how popular Canada’s PGWP programme is among international students, Canadian colleges will now be able to go forward on a stronger footing when recruiting foreign degree students.

January 18, 2025


The Migration Amendment (Temporary Graduate Visa Application Charge) Regulations 2024 introduces a one-off increase in the Visa Application Charge (VAC) for the Subclass 485 Temporary Graduate Visa, effective 1 February 2025.

New Application Charges

Initial Subclass 485 Visa Applications:

  • Primary applicant: $2,235
  • Secondary applicant (over 18 years): $1,115
  • Secondary applicant (under 18 years): $560

Subsequent Subclass 485 Visa Applications:

Applicable to holders of a Subclass 485 visa in the Post‑Study WorkPost‑Higher Education Work, or Replacement streams applying for the Post‑Higher Education Work stream.

  • Primary applicant: $880
  • Secondary applicant (over 18 years): $440
  • Secondary applicant (under 18 years): $225
ComponentCurrent charge1 Feb 2025
Base application charge$1945$2235
Additional applicant charge for an applicant who is at least 18$975$1115
Additional applicant charge for an applicant who is less than 18$490$560
For those who already hold a Subclass 485 (Temporary Graduate) visa and are applying for a subsequent one
Base application charge$765$880
Additional applicant charge for an applicant who is at least 18$385$440
Additional applicant charge for an applicant who is less than 18$195$225
January 3, 2025

FAST FACTS

Capital: Islamabad

Population: More than 250 million (2024)

Youth population: Two-thirds of the population is under 30

Median age: 20.5

GDP: US$375 billion (2024)

Currency: Pakistan rupee (PKR)

Official languages: English and Urdu

Main language of instruction: English (especially in private schools) and Urdu (especially in public schools).

English proficiency: “Low” according to the EF Proficiency Index, and 10th of 23 countries in Asia.

Religion: Islam

Geography: Pakistan is in South Asia. It shares borders with Iran to the west, Afghanistan to the northwest and north, China to the northeast, and India to the east and southeast.

Outbound students: Over 100,000

Preferred destinations: UK, China, UAE, Australia, US, Malaysia

Top student cities: Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, and Peshawar

Pakistan is becoming an increasingly valuable recruiting ground for educators in leading destinations. A large segment of high-school and college-aged Pakistani students are interested in study abroad, and nearly half of Pakistan’s population is under the age of 20.

Market fundamentals

The market fundamentals are in some ways very strong. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Pakistan’s youth demographic is the largest in the world. Nearly two-thirds of the population is under the age of 30.

Pakistan is third, after only China and India, in terms of the size of its college-aged population. The British Council expects growth in Pakistani outbound mobility to be among highest in the world over the next decade, along with China, India, Nigeria, and Bangladesh.

Unfortunately, Pakistan is also a country where there is massive income inequality and limited opportunities for youth. The Commonwealth’s Youth Development Index for 2023 found that in South Asia, Pakistan is one of two countries that ranks “low.” WENR has written:

“Failure to integrate the country’s legions of youngsters into the education system and the labour market could turn population growth into what the Washington Post called a ‘disaster in the making … putting catastrophic pressures on water and sanitation systems, swamping health and education services, and leaving tens of millions of people jobless’—trends that would almost inevitably lead to the further destabilisation of Pakistan’s already fragile political system.”

Pakistan’s gross tertiary enrolment (GER) ratio was only 13% in 2023, according to UNESCO. This is much lower than in India, and lower than in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka as well. Of 109 countries UNESCO profiled in 2021, Pakistan’s tertiary GER was 100th. Given Pakistan’s huge college-aged population, there is serious unmet demand for higher education.

There are currently 4.5 million Pakistani students in secondary education (grades 9–10), and 2.5 million in upper-secondary education (grades 11–12). More than 25 million children aged 5–16 are “out-of-school” (36% of the cohort’s total population, a proportion similar to that in Nigeria).

Far more girls than boys do not complete school for a range of factors, including poverty and traditional views about the role of women. The literacy rate is 68% for adult men and 46% for adult women.

Regional disparities and opportunities

A Pakistani student’s access to education depends greatly on their household income, gender, and region. Just over a third (36%) of the population lives in cities, where there is more wealth and literacy, and where more schools are considered “functional.” In the poorest areas, many schools lack running water, plumbing, and electricity.

In an excellent report published in 2024 focused on regional opportunities in Pakistan, the British Council considers that, at the city level:

“Lahore, Karachi, and Islamabad will continue to provide the bulk of outbound students simply because of their population size. Second-tier cities, however, are proliferating. Faisalabad is large and fast-growing. Peshawar has begun to emerge as the next major city for outbound students….

Second-tier smaller cities are also seeing strong growth in demand for study abroad, especially in the Punjab (Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Multan). Their economic growth lies in their connection to the bigger metropolitan areas, with a four or five-hour drive seen as an acceptable connection time. Important and growing industries in these second-tier cities mean that families have money to pay for education. Hence, industry growth has been matched by rapidly growing education provision. Large private school networks are also spreading out from the major cities to the smaller ones. These feed students directly into higher education.”

Further, students prefer certain destinations depending on where they live in the country:

  • “Punjab, the largest and most populated region in Pakistan, is the largest contributor to student mobility to the UK. The UK has consistently been the top study destination, mainly through strong family connections with many fourth-generation families having well-established businesses in UK cities. Many political and business leaders of Pakistan from the region have also studied in the UK.
  • In Islamabad and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, students mainly choose between the UK, North America and Australia. Often, the UK is not the top destination choice.
  • Pakistan’s south region has the smallest population and includes Karachi and a few smaller cities. Students from this region mainly choose the US as a study destination.”

Outbound mobility trends

Leading destinations are all recording significant increases in Pakistani enrolments, and demand is especially high for postgraduate studies. Successive governments of Pakistan have slashed educational budgets, and one implication has been the closure of many graduate programmes, which is driving outbound mobility at this level.

Recent data on which destinations are hosting the most Pakistani students include:

  • UK: 34,690 in 2022/23 (+50% y-o-y)
  • China: 28,000 before the pandemic
  • UAE: 24,865 in 2020 according to UNESCO
  • Australia: 23,380 in 2023 (+49%)
  • US: 10,165 in 2022/23 (+16%)
  • Germany: 8,210 in 2022/23 (+22%)
  • Kyrgyzstan: 6,000 in 2020 according to UNESCO
  • Malaysia: 5,000 in 2023
  • Canada: 4,750 in 2023 (+101%)
  • Turkey: 2,385 in 2020 according to UNESCO
  • Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Sweden, Qatar: At least 4,000 in 2020 according to UNESCO

Malaysian institutions are currently recruiting intensively in Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia has been increasing its scholarships for Pakistani students.

Meanwhile, educators in Canada, the US, and UK understand that while Chinese and Indian demand for study abroad remains high, it can be easily disrupted by immigration policies and geopolitics. It is worth noting that:

  • ApplyBoard found that January to June 2024, Pakistani student demand for the UK grew by over 30% compared to the same period in 2023.
  • Studyportals found that Pakistan was second only to India in terms of growth in demand for study abroad between 2022 and 2024 and that its share of enrolments, among the top-five student sending markets, is trending upward.
Trend in share of total enrolments for the top five origin countries, 2019–2023. Pakistan and India are trending upward in terms of enrolments abroad. Source: Studyportals

Transnational education

Thousands of Pakistanis are currently pursuing foreign degrees online, and they may soon be able to study for these degrees in-person in Pakistan. Pakistan’s Higher Education Commission (HEC) launched a revised transnational education policy in September 2024 that opens the door for foreign branch campuses. According to Times Higher Education:

“Under the policy, foreign institutions can offer degree programmes in Pakistan if they are among the 700 top-ranked universities in the world. There are also specific requirements around local contexts, with institutions required to ‘strictly comply with and respect the constitutional provisions, local laws, and the ideology of Pakistan.’”

The British Council reports that “HESA data show that 11,715 students in Pakistan are taking UK qualifications through transnational education, with most choosing distance and online models.”

Middle-class pressures

After slowing in 2023 (following devastating floods in 2022), the Pakistani economy has recovered somewhat, and the Pakistani rupee has stabilised a bit relative to the US dollar. The agricultural sector was the main reason for growth, up 6% in 2024 compared with overall GDP growth of 2.5%. But the situation remains difficult, as you can see in the following chart from KPMG comparing economic indicators in Pakistan and India in 2024 versus 2023.

Middle-class pressures

After slowing in 2023 (following devastating floods in 2022), the Pakistani economy has recovered somewhat, and the Pakistani rupee has stabilised a bit relative to the US dollar. The agricultural sector was the main reason for growth, up 6% in 2024 compared with overall GDP growth of 2.5%. But the situation remains difficult, as you can see in the following chart from KPMG comparing economic indicators in Pakistan and India in 2024 versus 2023.

Pakistan’s economy is more fragile than India’s. Source: KPMG

A 2017 estimate by Pakistani market research firm Aftab Associates put 40% of Pakistanis in the middle class, up substantially from previous years. But this proportion may be shrinking.

The middle class is shaky and dynamic due to a lack of internal structural stability in the economy. Pakistan is incredibly dependent on loans and other packages from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and allies such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, and China. For the 24th time, the IMF approved a new loan in September 2024 in an “ongoing effort to strengthen macroeconomic stability, address deep structural challenges, and create conditions for a stronger, more inclusive, and resilient growth.”

In the meantime, Pakistanis are struggling due to persistently high inflation rates and currency fluctuations.

“The lower middle class has been really hit in the last few years,” Javaid Ghani, pro vice chancellor at Karachi’s Al Ghazali University, told the Wall Street Journal earlier this year. Many households “are struggling to hold on to the markers of a middle-class life as they are buffeted by higher food and energy prices.”

Pakistan’s independent newspaper, The Friday Times, featured an article in August 2024 that explained how current economic trends affect students aiming to study abroad:

“One of the primary challenges Pakistani students face in their quest to study abroad is financial affordability. Tuition fees, living expenses, and currency exchange rates often present insurmountable barriers for many Pakistani families because the value of the Pakistani Rupee has sunk to such depths that a single US dollar (August 7, 2024) costs around Rs278.5. Because of these circumstances, even the wealthiest people in Pakistan are forced to lead modest lives in developed countries. Managing spending becomes extremely challenging as the Pakistani currency’s value has diminished by more than 100%.”

When they undertake a cost analysis, Pakistani students find that overseas university tuition is surprisingly and excessively expensive. The ordinary Pakistani cannot afford the cost of international flights, rent, food, and transportation. In a developed foreign country, one can only purchase a cup of coffee with a monthly wage of Rs12,000 in Pakistan.”

As difficult as study abroad may be to afford, many families remain determined to secure a quality higher education for their children abroad, driven by a sense of hopelessness about opportunities in Pakistan. An Ipsos poll conducted in the summer of 2024 found that only 1 in 10 Pakistanis believe their country is headed in the right direction.

Muhammad Khan, a restaurant manager in the northern city of Rawalpindi who turns his fridge off in the day and works two jobs but who still cannot make ends meet, told the Wall Street Journal:

“The lower middle class, like us, is now just posing as white collar. Honestly, we are in the poor class now. Seeing the political situation, I have no hope.”

Private schools

Where there is hope, however, is in Pakistan’s thousands of private schools. These have ballooned from 3,000 in 1982 to 137,000+ in 2024. Almost half of Pakistani children attend private schools – many of them from lower-income households.

A fascinating study by researchers at Harvard explores what is behind the popularity of Pakistan’s for-profit, non-religious, fully autonomous private schools. It investigates why middle-class and poorer families are able to send their children to these schools, and finds:

“The key element in their rise is their low fees. They hire predominantly local, female, and moderately educated teachers who have limited alternative opportunities outside the village. Hiring these teachers at low cost allows the savings to be passed on to parents through low fees ….

At the time of writing, a typical private school in a village in Pakistan charged a fee of Rs. 1,000 per year (roughly $18). The countrywide data analyzed shows that fees are low for all the provinces in Pakistan, as well as within rural and urban regions within each province. The analysis shows that in rural areas, the median annual fee roughly translates to $1.50 a month, or less than—much less than a dime a day. Thus, these schools’ fees are affordable even for someone living at the dollar-a-day poverty line established as a global benchmark.”

The researchers also note that affordability does not mean lower quality:

“Despite lower levels of education and training, lower salaries in private schools do not imply lower educational quality. Because private schools are held accountable by parents, who may monitor teacher behavior and can withdraw their children if performance is poor, private schools have full incentives to hire the best available teachers who then exert high effort. Indeed, teacher absenteeism rates appear to be lower and student test scores higher in many private schools as compared to government schools.”

Government support for study abroad

The number of universities in Pakistan has been rising quickly, but quality is a major issue, as is government interference and underfunding. There are over 200 universities and 3,000 degree colleges (which are similar to community colleges) across the country.

To counter domestic higher education issues, the government supports study abroad, not least because personal remittances from Pakistanis abroad compose a significant portion of GDP (over 8% in 2022). The UN says. “The substantial share of remittances highlights the importance of the Pakistani migrant community abroad in the economic development and stability of the country.”

Key motivations for students

Pakistani students are first and foremost interested in accessing a high-quality foreign degree to enhance their career prospects. Affordability is a major concern – and so scholarships are much sought-after. Similarly, the ability to work during studies and post-study work opportunities can make the difference in decision-making about where to go.
Source: https://monitor.icef.com/2024/10/market-snapshot-international-student-recruitment-in-pakistan/

December 17, 2024

Graduate visas Sc 485  

Migration Amendment (Graduate Visas No. 2) Regulations 2024 – this instrument includes an express definition of ‘degree’, specifically for the purposes of the Sc 485 visa and ensures that the Sc 485 visa criteria operate as intended following the 1 July 2024 changes to the Sc 485 Post Higher Education Work (PHEW) stream.

Following this, it requires an applicant for an initial Subclass 485 visa in PHEW stream, in the period six (6) months immediately before the application for that visa was made, to have completed one or more degrees for award by an Australian educational institutions as a result of a course or courses:

  • that are registered courses; and
  • that were completed in a total of at least 16 calendar months; and
  • that were completed as a result of a total of at least two (2) academic years study; and
  • for which all instruction was conducted in English; and
  • that the applicant undertook while in Australia as the holder of a visa authorising the applicant to study

This instrument commences on 14 December 2024. 

Ministerial Direction 112 – National Innovation Visa Sc 858

As per section 8 of Ministerial Direction 112 (MD 112) the order of priority for allocating applications for the Sc 858 National innovation visa (NIV) are the following: 

  • Priority one- Exceptional candidates from any sector who are global experts and recipients of international ‘top of field’ level awards. This includes but are not limited to Nobel Prizes; Breakthrough Prizes; Rousseeuw Prize; Eni Award; Institution of Electrical Engineers Medal of Honor; Fields Medal; Chern Medal; Abel Prize; L’Oreal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science; Turing Award; ACM Prize in Computing; Pulitzer Prize; International Booker Prize; International Tchaikovsky Competition Gold Medal; Olympic Gold Medal and Laureus World Sportsman or Sportswoman of the year.
  • Priority two- Candidates from any sector nominated on the approved Form 1000 by an expert Australian Commonwealth, State or Territory Government agency.
  • Priority three- Candidates with exceptional and outstanding achievementsin a Tier One sector:
    • Critical Technologies
    • Health Industries
    • Renewables and low emission technologies
  • Priority four – Candidates with exceptional and outstanding achievements in a Tier Two sector:
    • Agri-food and AgTech
    • Defence Capabilities and Space
    • Education
    • Financial Services and FinTech
    • Infrastructure and Transport
    • Resources

s 9 of MD 112 specifies that decision makers should have regard to a demonstration of multiple achievements, which may include but are not limited to:

  • receipt of a national research grant in Australia or overseas indicating that the individual is ‘top of their field’ level talent, including from:
    •  the Australian Research Council; Department of Education Accelerator grants; or other similar level grants;
    • equivalent level grants from other countries, such as the United Kingdom research and Innovation Grants program; funding from the EU Commission; funding from the US National Science Foundation.
  • holding a PhD with high-levels of academic influence or thought leadership in their field, including:
    •  recent publications in top ranked journals, such as Nature, Lancet or Acta Numerica
    • a high h-index for their stage of career, for example an early career researcher with an h-index of 14
    • research-based degree from a top global university, for example ranked in top 100 World University Rankings by Times Higher Education
  • recent keynote appearance at a high-profile international conference, for example Web Summit, International Congress of Mathematicians, American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Annual Meeting or International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.
  • having recognised intellectual property attributed to them, such as holding relevant international patents.
  • earning at or above the high income threshold (employment offer or current salary) where
    • there is written communication from an Australian employer offering employment in Australia with an annual salary equivalent to or higher than the high income threshold; or
    • the primary applicant’s current earnings is an amount equal or greater than the high income threshold

In considering exceptional and outstanding achievements for applications under Priority 2 which are for candidates from any sector nominated on the approved Form 1000 by an expert Australian Commonwealth, State or Territory Government agency, decision makers should have regard to a broader range of achievements, which may include but are not limited to:

  • achievements listed in subsection 9(3) ( all of the above);
  • top of field level sports and arts awards
  • evidence of innovative business activities, such as Significant ‘Angel’ Investors with established track record of supporting successful innovative ventures, or having led internationally reputed companies to their Initial Public Offering;
  • evidence of promising entrepreneurial activities that will lead to the commercialisation of a product or service in Australia or the development of a business or enterprise in Australia, particularly where linked to State or Territory based start-up incubators;
  • actions by individuals that provide exceptional service to the Australian community, including outstanding work in establishing organisations that improve community cohesion or wellbeing of Australians;
  • other exceptional achievements in the context of the supporting agency’s strategic priorities.

Source: MIA Notice 31 – Legislative Updates